Definition and Examples of Root Words in English

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English In English grammar and morphology, a root is a  word or word element (in other words, a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. Also called a root word. In  Greek and Latin Roots  (2008), T.  Rasinski et al.  define root as a semantic unit.  This simply means that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters with meaning. Etymology From the Old English, rootExamples and Observations Latin is the most common source of English root words; Greek and Old English are the two other major sources.Some  root words are  whole words and others are word parts. Some root words have become free morphemes and can be used as separate words, but others cannot. For instance, cent comes from the Latin root word centum, meaning hundred. English treats the word as a root word that can be used independently and in combination with affixes, as in century, bicentennial  and centipede. The words cosmopolitan, cosmic and microcosm come from the Greek root word kosmos, meaning universe; cosmos is also an independent root word in English. (Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, David Green, and Carol Smith,  Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach. Pearson Australia, 2015) Free Morphs and Bound Morphs Because a root tells us more about the meaning of a word than anything else, the first thing we ask about a complex word is often: What is its root? Often a complex word has more than one root, as in blackbird. . . .In our native and nativized vocabulary, roots can usually appear as independent words, for which reason they are called free morphs. This makes it particularly easy to find the roots of words like black-bird, re-fresh, and book-ish-ness. In Latin and Greek, roots most often do not occur as separate words: they are bound morphs, meaning they can only appear when tied to other components. For example, the root of concurrent is curr run. which is not an independent word in English or even in Latin.(Keith Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben. English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Roots and Lexical Categories Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. Roots typically belong to a lexical category, such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. . . . Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning one who teaches.(William OGrady, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Simple and Complex Words [M]orphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme, may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes. Thus, a word like desire may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word. Desirable, by contrast, is complex, combining a root morpheme with the bound morpheme -able. More complex again is undesirability which comprises one root and three bound morphemes: undesireableity. Notice also how, in complex words of this sort, the spelling of the root may be altered to conform to the bound morphemes around it. Thus, desire becomes desir- while beauty will be transformed into beauti- in the formation of beautiful and of the increasingly complex beautician. (Paul Simpson, Language Through Literature: An Introduction. Routledge, 1997) Pronunciation: ROOT Also Known As: base, stem

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English In English grammar and morphology, a root is a  word or word element (in other words, a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. Also called a root word. In  Greek and Latin Roots  (2008), T.  Rasinski et al.  define root as a semantic unit.  This simply means that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters with meaning. Etymology From the Old English, rootExamples and Observations Latin is the most common source of English root words; Greek and Old English are the two other major sources.Some  root words are  whole words and others are word parts. Some root words have become free morphemes and can be used as separate words, but others cannot. For instance, cent comes from the Latin root word centum, meaning hundred. English treats the word as a root word that can be used independently and in combination with affixes, as in century, bicentennial  and centipede. The words cosmopolitan, cosmic and microcosm come from the Greek root word kosmos, meaning universe; cosmos is also an independent root word in English. (Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, David Green, and Carol Smith,  Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach. Pearson Australia, 2015) Free Morphs and Bound Morphs Because a root tells us more about the meaning of a word than anything else, the first thing we ask about a complex word is often: What is its root? Often a complex word has more than one root, as in blackbird. . . .In our native and nativized vocabulary, roots can usually appear as independent words, for which reason they are called free morphs. This makes it particularly easy to find the roots of words like black-bird, re-fresh, and book-ish-ness. In Latin and Greek, roots most often do not occur as separate words: they are bound morphs, meaning they can only appear when tied to other components. For example, the root of concurrent is curr run. which is not an independent word in English or even in Latin.(Keith Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben. English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Roots and Lexical Categories Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. Roots typically belong to a lexical category, such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. . . . Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning one who teaches.(William OGrady, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Simple and Complex Words [M]orphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme, may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes. Thus, a word like desire may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word. Desirable, by contrast, is complex, combining a root morpheme with the bound morpheme -able. More complex again is undesirability which comprises one root and three bound morphemes: undesireableity. Notice also how, in complex words of this sort, the spelling of the root may be altered to conform to the bound morphemes around it. Thus, desire becomes desir- while beauty will be transformed into beauti- in the formation of beautiful and of the increasingly complex beautician. (Paul Simpson, Language Through Literature: An Introduction. Routledge, 1997) Pronunciation: ROOT Also Known As: base, stem

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English

Definition and Examples of Root Words in English In English grammar and morphology, a root is a  word or word element (in other words, a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes. Also called a root word. In  Greek and Latin Roots  (2008), T.  Rasinski et al.  define root as a semantic unit.  This simply means that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters with meaning. Etymology From the Old English, rootExamples and Observations Latin is the most common source of English root words; Greek and Old English are the two other major sources.Some  root words are  whole words and others are word parts. Some root words have become free morphemes and can be used as separate words, but others cannot. For instance, cent comes from the Latin root word centum, meaning hundred. English treats the word as a root word that can be used independently and in combination with affixes, as in century, bicentennial  and centipede. The words cosmopolitan, cosmic and microcosm come from the Greek root word kosmos, meaning universe; cosmos is also an independent root word in English. (Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, David Green, and Carol Smith,  Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach. Pearson Australia, 2015) Free Morphs and Bound Morphs Because a root tells us more about the meaning of a word than anything else, the first thing we ask about a complex word is often: What is its root? Often a complex word has more than one root, as in blackbird. . . .In our native and nativized vocabulary, roots can usually appear as independent words, for which reason they are called free morphs. This makes it particularly easy to find the roots of words like black-bird, re-fresh, and book-ish-ness. In Latin and Greek, roots most often do not occur as separate words: they are bound morphs, meaning they can only appear when tied to other components. For example, the root of concurrent is curr run. which is not an independent word in English or even in Latin.(Keith Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben. English Vocabulary Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Roots and Lexical Categories Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. Roots typically belong to a lexical category, such as noun, verb, adjective, or preposition. . . . Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning one who teaches.(William OGrady, et al., Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2001) Simple and Complex Words [M]orphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme, may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes. Thus, a word like desire may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word. Desirable, by contrast, is complex, combining a root morpheme with the bound morpheme -able. More complex again is undesirability which comprises one root and three bound morphemes: undesireableity. Notice also how, in complex words of this sort, the spelling of the root may be altered to conform to the bound morphemes around it. Thus, desire becomes desir- while beauty will be transformed into beauti- in the formation of beautiful and of the increasingly complex beautician. (Paul Simpson, Language Through Literature: An Introduction. Routledge, 1997) Pronunciation: ROOT Also Known As: base, stem

10 Best Note-Taking Strategies to Ease Your Work

10 Best Note-Taking Strategies to Ease Your Work The importance of effective and efficient note taking cant be stressed too highly when it comes to academic success.  Good notes take a large and complex topic and reduce it to digestible nuggets, making it easier to memorize, and also providing the organization thats an essential foundation for a well-structured essay. Electronic or Manual Note-Taking? Taking notes traditionally relies on nothing more advanced than a pen and paper. These days, the convenience and portability of laptops and tablets mean  that they are becoming increasingly popular for notes. They offer several advantages such as easy backup, syncing between devices, a simple way to search through your notes, and so on. There are dedicated note-taking apps available of varying complexity, while for fast typists even a simple text editor might have the edge over paper. Nonetheless, the basic principles of effective note-taking apply whether using electronic or manual note taking methods and considering that electronic means arent suitable for all situations, knowing the best practices is important whatever your choice of tools. Developing Your Own Abbreviations and Symbols No matter how fast your handwriting is, in a classroom, youre unlikely to be able to keep up making an accurate transcription of a lecture. To speed things up, use the following techniques: Use abbreviations in place of common phrases, whether subject-specific or common language. Draw arrows to link concepts and topics together. Highlight important points using stars, capitals, or underlining. Use bullet points when listing facts or other discrete ideas. Many of these last symbols already have recognized meanings, often rooted in mathematics, but dont be afraid to adapt them to your own purposes. So long as you use them in a consistent way and understand them, theyll serve their purpose. When you develop your own system of abbreviations and symbols, make sure you write a reference outlining the shortcuts youve used. What might seem obvious now might not be quite so clear when you come to review your notes in a few months time. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES 10 Basic Steps to Become a Better Note-Taker 1.  Don’t write down everything heard in a lecture. Focus on the main points, listen and try to focus on the â€Å"meat† of the subject or point of the lecture. Most times, one’s professor will provide points, examples, or anecdotes to help their students better remember key points in a lesson. 2.  Write with brevity. Class notes should be pithy in nature, consisting of keywords and phrases. In fact, notes with loose ends (such as a word without a definition or meaning behind it) allow the student an opportunity to expand on their notes through exploratory research. 3.  Be accurate. If the student is not sure they heard something correctly, they should not write it down. Rather, they should write a question mark near that section of notes to examine after class. In this case, they should also ask their professor for clarification after class. 4.  Do  research before class. Most times a professor will have a syllabus informing students what subjects or topics will be covered at certain times throughout the semester. It is to the student’s benefit to be well informed on the subject beforehand, so they can focus on some of the bigger ideas discussed in the lecture – which means that reading ahead in a textbook or conducting preliminary research never hurts the student’s understanding of a subject. It can only help. 5.  Develop a system that works. Don’t worry about punctuation, picture-perfect spelling; instead use abbreviations, write succinctly, and leave plenty of white space in the notes to expand on after class. 6.  If a point is missed, don’t dwell on it. If it’s a crucial point, ask the professor after class. Simply leave some extra space and go on. It is better than missing yet another point in the lecture. 7.  Keep notes in organized places. For example, refrain from writing downs on random pieces of paper – they could be misplaced too easily, never to be seen again. Instead keep notes in ONE notebook for a certain class. Organizing one’s workspace helps organize their mental clarity when learning. 8.  Use symbols/punctuation to indicate the most important information. Many times a professor will say something is crucial to know or to remember, and so it may benefit the student if the student marks this passage or fact in their notes with a symbol that stands out from the rest of the notes. 9. Immediately after class, reread the notes that have been taken. This will help the student store the information into their long-term memory and clear up any questions they may be looming from the lecture. 10.  For some students, rewriting their notes after class is a helpful exercise. It helps them expand on words or phrases that had to be abbreviated, often causing them to perform a bit more of research to make sure that what they wrote down was indeed accurate and correct. TEST-TAKING TIPS AND STRATEGIES The Cornell System Making the Best Use of Your Notes The Cornell Note Taking System is a method which is equally suitable for taking your course notes, or for summarizing texts for revision or research purposes.  The Cornell method helps you take the notes you make in class or the library, and begin the process of organizing them into a coherent foundation for an essay, an exam answer, or as a way of ordering your thoughts for better learning. Although the following description of the method is for making handwritten notes, if you prefer to take notes electronically there are templates available for use with popular note-taking apps such as Evernote or Microsoft OneNote, as well as dedicated laptop and tablet software from various vendors. This method works by dividing your notes page into three sections. Section off the bottom two inches or so of each page by drawing a horizontal line. The area below the line will be your summary section. Next, section off a leftmost couple of inches of your page: this will be your keyword or recall section. You will then be left with the largest area of the page in which to take notes as normal, dividing them into rough paragraphs by topic or idea. After completing your basic notes, for each paragraph write a question, or a keyword or two, in the recall section to the left. Choose words which will help you remember the contents of the main notes. As well as forcing you to clarify the main concept of that section of notes, it will serve as a quick reference study guide in the future. Some people prefer to add these reminders as they go along, but if youre struggling to keep up the pace its more important to concentrate on the main body of your notes. Its better to add accurate keywords later on than to rush them during the main note-taking, to the detriment to both. Finally, use the summary area at the bottom of each page to write a high-level overview of the contents of the page, limiting yourself to only a couple of sentences or a few bullet points. Here is a picture that will help you better understand what Cornell system is: Successful academic notes dont concentrate on the exact wording, but on capturing concepts and ideas, and important specific facts if appropriate. Youre not taking legal minutes, and your notes only need make sense to you. Developing a system that suits your preferences, and that balances speed with accuracy will stand you in excellent stead in your educational efforts. Writing is a time and effort consuming thing. In case you experience any difficulties with writing contact us and get our professional assistance.