Theme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner - 745 Words

Betrayal is breaking a trust between a person or group, it can happen when one least expects it. In the novel, The Kite Runner, By Khaled Hosseini, irony is utilized to represent betrayal. There are two different situations in the novel where betrayal is present, in which two different characters do so but they face a difficult challenge to manage the guilt that is brought behind the betrayal. Betrayal is something hard to cope with, whether you are the one that betrayed or you being the victim. It can lead to several health and mental problems. For example, Depression, stress eating, and worst case scenario, thoughts of suicide. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, teaches the reader that betrayal does not allow the person to be†¦show more content†¦To avoid this Baba decided to just keep it a secret and make everyone believe that Ali was Hassan’s father. It was a challenge Baba faced not being able to be as close as he wanted to be with Hassan but it was a sacrifice he had to make. Furthermore, in the novel we see a different situation where Amir had been a witness of seeing Hassan being raped but he did not do anything about it. Yet Hassan had stood up for Amir when Assef, a bully in the novel was trying to pick on Amir. This event haunted Amir throughout the rest of the novel, he knew that he could have done something about Hassan getting raped, instead he betrayed him and ran and pretended like he didn’t see anything. Amir was too selfish and was so focused on getting Baba’s approval that all he cared about was making Baba proud so he would accept him more. Hosseini himself writes, â€Å"I finally had what I’d wanted all those years. Except know that I had it, I felt as empty as this unkempt pool I was dangling my legs into† (Hosseini 85). Hosseini reminds us that Amir had achieved what he was hoping for, which was Baba’s approval. Even though, Amir had gotten Baba’s approval he had this big guilt due to the fact tha t he betrayed Hassan, this leads to Amir not being able to be himself and happy. Clearly, the betrayal that occurred throughout the novel did notShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner1148 Words   |  5 Pagespeople. However, actions can change the course of that relationship based on one decision. Throughout the novel, the readers get a glimpse of how choices the characters make can change the outcome of their lives. Throughout The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses the theme of betrayal to demonstrate the domino effect it can have on relationships. Everything that happened in the novel started with Baba and the decisions he made a long time ago. Ali was Babas servant, forcing them to grow upRead MoreTheme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner1331 Words   |  6 PagesBetrayal: Looking Into Eyes To Forgive Or Ripping Them Out Because Of It Even as literature has multiple genres, themes can still parallel each other regardless of appearing in two altogether varying works very different authors of distinctly separate time frames conceive and write. Even as The Kite Runner is written as a work of historical fiction and Oedipus Rex develops a well known and praisable Greek tragedy, a theme of betrayal places itself throughout both. Literature demonstrates that moralsRead MoreThe Themes Of Betrayal And Redemption In The Kite Runner1858 Words   |  8 Pages The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a historical fiction novel set mostly in Kabul, Afghanistan and Fremont, California. The novel spans the time periods before, during, and after the reign of the Russians (1979-1989) and the Taliban’s takeover (1996) of Afghanistan. It is told through the first person perspective of Amir alongside his father, Baba, his half-brother, Hassan, and Baba’s companions Ali and Rahim Khan. Growing up, Amir and Hassan are practi cally inseparable, as they are always playingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner And Oedipus Rex 1309 Words   |  6 Pagesgenres, themes can still parallel each other regardless that they will appear in two altogether varying works conceived and written by very different authors and in distinctly separate timeframes. Even as The Kite Runner is written as a work of historical fiction and Oedipus Rex develops a well known and praised Greek tragedy, a theme of betrayal places itself throughout both. Literature demonstrates that morals can genuinely be learned through any method. In both pieces of literature, betrayal is aRead MoreHistory Now1070 Words   |  5 PagesDue Date Tasks Friday, 2/3/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section A, Order and Chaos Order and Chaos: Introduction Section Warm-Up: Product Loyalty Loyalty vs. Betrayal Literary Elements: Symbolism Tutorial: Symbols and Symbolism Reading 1: Two Kinds, by Amy Tan Practice: Symbolism Loyalty and Betrayal Theme Quiz, 40 points Friday, 2/10/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section B, Context Context: Introduction Section Warm-Up: A Context Riddle Reading 2: from CommunistsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1422 Words   |  6 PagesPranav Dantu Mr. Bal Honors English 10 20 December 2017 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Summary: The Kite Runner is a historical fiction novel written by Khaled Hosseini. The novel is written in a first-person point of view tracing the journey of redemption of an Afghan native named Amir. Amir grows up wealthy and privileged by Afghan standards and is surrounded mostly by his father and his friend, Hassan. Hassan was a less fortunate boy who belonged to the lower caste of the Afghanis, the HazarasRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1161 Words   |  5 PagesKhaled Hosseini reveals the subject of friendship and loyalty in The Kite Runner. Khaled Hosseini advocates that in friendship, there must be loyalty, kindness, and trust. The theme of loyalty plays a tremendous role in The Kite Runner through Hassan and Amir. Amir and Hassan grow up together in Kabul, Afghanistan. Amir lives in a house with his father, Baba. Hassan and his father, Ali, live on the same piece of property as Amir and Baba because Hassan and Ali are their servants. Although HassanRead MoreT he Kite Runner-Socratic Motivation1310 Words   |  6 PagesAmelia Fong Amanatullah English 2H P1 11 October 2017 The Kite Runner - Socratic Seminar Questions and Answers Supplementary Text Questions: Conflict --AOW: The Difference Between Guilt and Shame by Joseph Burgo What conflict do the two characters share, making themselves similar to each other? Do both Amir and Baba feel guilt and shame through their actions? In the novel, by Khaled Hosseini, the reader learns that both Amir and Baba have betrayed the people closest to them: Amir betrayed HassanRead MoreTheme Of Violence In The Kite Runner1133 Words   |  5 Pagesall have one trait in common; To be accepted. Although, in trying to become accepted, we can lose friendships and trust from people we love, but far worse we could lose ourselves, trying to be accepted for someone we are not. In the novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hossieni, we as the reader see many different situations in witch Amir is putting his real self aside and taking his anger out and betraying someone very close to Baba and Amir himself, closer than the reader and the protagonist AmirRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1695 Words   |  7 Pages The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, is a famous novel for its honest portrait of betrayal, and redemption. The novel is narrated by fictional character, Amir, who starts a new life in America with his wife, Soraya, and is a successful author who tries to escape from his haunted childhood in Afghanistan.. Amir is the son of wealthy Afghan businessman, Baba. The opening chapters are told by an older Amir explaining about his childhood. As a reader, one will notice that every joy experienced

Evidence For Prescribing Fluoride Varnishes Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(59) " distribution and hence lend themselves to this prejudice\." Dental cavities is one of the most common disease processes across all populations throughout the universe and a cardinal factor in dental hurting and tooth loss. Caries is a procedure that can happen on any tooth surface in the oral cavity where alveolar consonant plaque is able to develop over clip. Bing a biofilm, plaque contains many different microorganisms that work together and are continually active. We will write a custom essay sample on Evidence For Prescribing Fluoride Varnishes Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of these bacteriums are able to ferment soluble saccharides to bring forth acids, ensuing in a bead in sourness below pH 5 and hence doing demineralization of the enamel surface. Acid is neutralized by spit and the demineralization procedure halted, as the pH rises, mineral may be regained and remineralisation can happen. If the cumulative consequence of these procedures is a net loss in mineral, a carious lesion will be observed. The carious procedure is hence natural and can non be prevented nevertheless with suited intercession, the patterned advance into a seeable lesion can be avoided1. The bar of cavities is considered more cost-efficient than intervention and is hence considered a priority2. Fluoride varnishes since the 1960 ‘s have been clinically utilized for this reason17,18. Application of concentrated fluoride varnishes to tooth surfaces consequences in the formation of Ca fluoride. As the sourness of the environment additions, a greater sum of enamel disintegration occurs and hence an copiousness of ionic Ca allows for a considerable sum of Ca fluoride formation. Significant precipitation of spherical globules of Ca fluoride in dental plaque and unaccessible countries is of great benefit leting for important remineralisation due to the high concentration of free ionic Ca available3. Fluoride besides has a direct consequence on bacterial metamorphosis ( see appendix 4, table 1 for details16 ) . Method Of the three surveies reviewed, one was carried out in Sweden4, one in Florida5 and one in San Francisco6. In these trials,1375 participants were studied runing from ?1.8 to 16 old ages old and followed for periods between 9 months and 3 old ages. Each survey had a specific purposes, one focused on a school based fluoride varnish programme and the patterned advance and incidence of approximal cavities from high, medium and low socio-economic backgrounds4. Another concerned the efficaciousness of fluoride varnish in add-on to reding in the bar of early childhood caries6, whilst the concluding survey evaluated the consequence of fluoride varnish on enamel cavities patterned advance in the primary dentition5. The chief features of each survey and their consequences are displayed in Appendices 14, 25 and 36. Randomization was used to delegate participants into each of the groups in all tests and one study6 outlined the allotment technique used. Two surveies were individual blind4,5 where the tooth doctor was incognizant of the group allotments and one was conducted as a dual blind trial6. All surveies used Duraphat ( 5 % Sodium Fluoride 22,600 F-ppm ) with two studies5,6 using varnish to all tooth surfaces and the 3rd study4 using varnish merely to approximal surfaces from the distal surface of the eyetooths to the mesial surface of the 2nd grinders. Two surveies stated the sum of fluoride varnish to be used ; 0.1ml per arch6 and ?0.3ml in total4. Examination techniques differed amongst the three selected surveies. One conducted a ocular scrutiny three times6, another conducted four overall bitewing radiogram at baseline and after the trial4. The 3rd conducted both radiographic bitewings and a ocular scrutiny besides at baseline and following the test, explicitly discoursing the method6. All experiments experienced a loss of participants to some grade. Weintraub et al.6 concluded 67 % of participants enrolled at baseline saw the survey through, the test conducted by Autio-Gold et al.5 retained 81 % of initial participants. In the concluding experiment by Sk A ; ouml ; ld et al.4, 89 % of topics completed the test. Ultimately, all surveies agreed fluoride varnish is of significance in forestalling caries4,5,6 and may be effectual in change by reversaling cavity and crevice enamel lesions5. Findingss were assessed in footings of statistical significance and all three4,5,6 gave P values. Differences in measuring lesions clinically can be seen. Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 used a self-devised numbered marking system to find cavities incidence and patterned advance of carious lesions. Weintraub et al.6 used the NIDCR diagnostic standards for dental caries7 for the appraisal of cavitated, decayed and filled surfaces on primary dentitions and auxiliary criteria8 to name pre-cavitated lesions. Finally Autio-gold et al.5 utilised a marking system9 which differentiates between active and inactive enamel carious lesions. Discussion Although all surveies statistically support the usage of fluoride varnish in the bar of cavities, the methodological analysis of each demand to be considered before any decisions can be drawn. Double blind randomized control tests are considered the ‘gold criterion ‘ in footings of survey design10 and minimise prejudice. In all of these tests, the tooth doctors were incognizant of patient allocated groups nevertheless in two4,5, the participants were cognizant. This could hold led to bias in those surveies as cognizing they were portion of a test with regular follow up periods, patients may hold been more self-aware with respect to their unwritten wellness and hence take more preventive steps compared to groups with fewer visits. Overall this consequence may give the feeling that a more frequent application of varnish reduces cavities incidence. Sample size demands to be taken into history as a larger cohort will give a more accurate representation of the population, doing Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 the most representative of the three tests. Gender was reasonably every bit distributed in both varnish and hazard groups. This is of significance as it has been shown that females are by and large more compliant than males11 and therefore are more likely to brush on a regular basis, maintaining to the survey design. Bias in this illustration is hence reduced as females are every bit distributed across all groups. Weintraub6 and Autio-Gold5 did non advert gender distribution and hence lend themselves to this prejudice. You read "Evidence For Prescribing Fluoride Varnishes Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" When sing the clip period in which tests are conducted, a greater clip graduated table allows for a more comprehensive result. Potential side effects of fluoride varnish are more likely to go evident and its anti cavities consequence can be reviewed for any possible alterations as there may be a critical period for which it has consequence. Again, Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 conducted the longest test at 3 old ages and hence in footings of clip period, have the most accurate consequences for effects of fluoride and its side effects, of which they found none. Weintraub et al.6 besides used a sensible clip period and would demo any side-effects or critical periods for fluoride applications, merely one kid in the group having fluoride four times a twelvemonth developed an ulcer on their cheek which had resolved at the following followup. There is no grounds to back up unwritten ulcerations as a consequence of fluoride varnish application. The test conducted Autio-Gold5 was over a shorter p eriod and hence compared to Weintraub6 and Sk A ; ouml ; l4, can non be as conclusive in critical periods of application and side effects. Follow up periods are of relevancy as changing frequences of application can be assessed for effectivity. Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 utilised the greatest figure of groups with the most differing frequences to set up the most effectual intervals. The method in which fluoride varnish was applied varied and one specific survey, Autio-Gold5, failed to stipulate whether application on all tooth surfaces at the 2nd follow up occurred, as at the baseline. Besides the sum of fluoride varnish applied is non stated as in the two other studies4,6. Therefore the survey can potentially be classified as inconsistent and cogency of the consequences questionable. Application of the varnish was conducted in similar ways across all three tests nevertheless Weintraub et al.6 used ?66 % of the fluoride varnish than Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 and it must be considered that a higher dose of fluoride may hold a greater preventive consequence. The locations in which the surveies took topographic point differ. Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 conducted their probe in Sweden where H2O is fluoridated. Socio-economic position is associated with unwritten health12 and in this survey, the low hazard group had a high socio-economic position. The extra factor nevertheless, is that the location of this group is besides in an country of H2O fluoridization ten times higher than that of the medium or low hazard groups. It has been shown that fluoridization reduces cavities incidence13 intending these participants technically received an increased dose and therefore may hold influenced the consequences to demo a decreased effectivity of fluoride varnish. In the other two studies5,6 this variable was controlled and Weintraub et al.6 ensured participants resided in the country for at least 2 old ages. Age of participants is of importance as striplings in the Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 survey are responsible for their ain unwritten hygiene and it has been shown that 25 % of 14-year-olds do non on a regular basis brush their teeth14,15. Consequences can hence be influenced in this test. If ?25 % participants did non brush on a regular basis, theoretically it would do increased cavities incidence in these people compared to the other 75 % of the cohort and finally give the feeling fluoride varnish has a lesser consequence than in world. Autio-Gold5 and Weintraub6 used primary5 and pre-school6 kids where parents and defenders are more likely to conform to the survey design and better the cogency of the consequences. Consequences were based on the findings of the testers therefore their determinations are important. Autio-Gold5 and Weintraub6 both calibrated testers nevertheless Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 did non advert any dependability apart from re-examining radiogram after 2 months, the consequences of which, are non published. There is hence a possibility of inaccuracy in cavities diagnosing at each follow up, which would give either a greater or lesser perceived fluoride consequence depending on tester tolerance. Caries diagnosing methods vary, ideally a radiographic and ocular scrutiny should be conducted as white topographic point lesions and early cavities can non be seen radiographically, the attack taken by Autio-Gold et al.5. Weintraub et al.6 used merely ocular scrutinies and hence, although improbable, potentially leting for non-cavitated lesions to be missed. Sk A ; ouml ; l et al.4 took merely radiographs nevertheless this was appropriate as approximal cavities can be merely be see n in this manner. Deviations in protocol can be seen in two surveies. In Sk A ; ouml ; l et Al. ‘s4 test, all groups received an extra application of fluoride every one-year visit including the control group. Realistically the control group hence received intercession and perchance affected the consequences. Weintraub et al.6 experienced a more terrible divergence. For 10 months, participants received a placebo varnish alternatively of the active merchandise and merely one kid received all four planned applications. Besides 21 applications could non be confirmed as active and were assumed placebo. This may hold given the feeling of a greater good consequence of fluoride varnish if the placebo was active. Any long term positive or negative effects can therefore non be concluded with every bit much assurance as the other two trials4,5 as there was a interruption in the application of active merchandise. A Cochrane systematic review19 determined that on norm, fluoride varnish reduced cavities in the deciduous teething by 33 % and by 46 % in the lasting teething. Decision In decision, holding considered the grounds base for the usage of fluoride varnish and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of all mentioned surveies and their restrictions, fluoride varnish is an effectual method in commanding cavities incidence and patterned advance. Recommendations Fluoride varnish should be indicated in all kids and striplings. Adults with a high cavities hazard should besides be considered, such as those with particular demands, dry mouth or active carious lesions. Children and striplings should have application biannually and grownups with carious lesions or particular demands should hold varnish applied between two and four times yearly. No common or serious inauspicious effects have been reported in any surveies. As a safeguard fluoride varnish is contraindicated in terrible asthmatics, ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis. Besides allergy to seal components is an obvious contraindication. Mentions Kidd EAM. Introduction. In: Kidd EAM editor. Necessities of Dental Caries. 3rd erectile dysfunction. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. ; 2005. p. 2-19. Burt BA. Prevention policies in the visible radiation of the changed distribution of dental cavities. Acta Odontologica Scandinavia 1998 ; 56:179-86. Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM. Chemical interactions between the tooth and unwritten fluids. In: 10 Cate JM, Larsen MJ, Pearce EIF, Ferjerskov O, editors. Dental cavities: the disease and its clinical direction. Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard ; 2003. p. 49-69. Sk A ; ouml ; ld UM, Petersson LG, Lith A, Birkhed D. Effect of school-based fluoride varnish programmes on approximal cavities in striplings from different cavities risk countries. Caries Res. 2005 ; 39:273-9. Autio-Gold JT, Courts F. Assessing the consequence of fluoride varnish on early enamel carious lesions in the primary teething. JADA. 2001 Sept ; 132:1247-1253. Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Shain JS, Hoover CI, Featherstone JDB, Gansky SA. Fluoride varnish efficaciousness in forestalling early childhood cavities. J Dent Res. 2006 Feb ; 85 ( 2 ) :172-6. USDHHS, PHS, NIH, NIDR. Oral wellness studies of the National Institute of Dental Research: diagnostic standards and processs. NIH Publication No 91-2870. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, NIH: 1991. Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and describing early childhood cavities for research intents. J Public Health Dent 1999 ; 59:192-7. Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the phase of cavities lesion activity on the footing of clinical and microbiological scrutiny. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 ; 25:69-75. Concato J, N Shah, RI Horwitz. Randomized, controlled tests, experimental surveies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med. 2000 ; 342:1887-92. Kuczynski L, Kochanska G, Radke-Yarrow M, Girnius-Brown O. A developmental reading of immature kids ‘s disobedience. Developmental Psychology. 1987 ; 23,799. Bolin AK, Bolin A, Jansson L, Calltorp J. Children ‘s dental wellness in Europe. Sociodemographic factors associated with dental cavities in groups of 5 and 12-year-old kids from eight EU-countries. Swed Dent J 1997 ; 21:25-40. Brunelle JA, Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental cavities in U.S. kids and the consequence of H2O fluoridization. J Dent Res.1990 Feb ; 69 ( Particular Issue ) :723-7 Klock B, Emilson CG, Lind SO, Gustavsdotter M, Olhede-Westerlund AM. Prediction of cavities activity in kids with today ‘s low cavities incidence. Community Dental Oral Epidemiol. 1989 ; 17:285-8. Koivusilta L, Honkala S, Honkala E, Rimpel A ; auml ; A. Toothbrushing as portion of the striplings lifestyle predicts education degree. J Dent Res. 2003 ; 82:361-6. Marsh PD. Effect of fluorides on bacterial metamorphosis. In: Bowen WH, editor. Relative efficaciousness of Na fluoride and Na monofluorophosphatae as anti-caries agents in detrifices. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press Limited ; 1995. Bawden JW. Fluoride varnish: a utile new tool for public wellness dental medicine. J Public Health Dent. 1998 ; 58:266-9. Beltran-Aguilar ED, Goldstein JW, Lockwood SA. Fluoride varnishes: a reappraisal of their clinical usage, cariostatic mechanism, efficaciousness and safety. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 ; 131:589-96. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for forestalling dental cavities in kids and striplings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002 ; 3: CD002279. Appendix 1 Sk A ; ouml ; ld 20054: Methods Randomised control test, individual blind to dentist. 11 % bead out after 3 old ages. Reasons for bead out include traveling off from country and non go toing all Sessionss. Overall 96 losingss. Participants 758 participants analysed at 3 old ages ( concluding scrutiny ) Average age at get downing: 13 old ages Exposure to other fluoride: H2O, toothpaste, varnish at annually check-up Year survey began: 1998 Location: Sverige Interventions Fluoride varnish Duraphat ( 22,600 ppm F- ) ( 3 groups ) vs. control group: Group 1: F- varnish 2x yearly at 6 month intervals Group 2: F- varnish 3x yearly within one hebdomad Group 3: F- varnish 8x yearly with 1 month intervals Control group: No intercession Teeth cleaned with toothbrush without toothpaste and interproximally cleaned utilizing dental floss Applied ?0.3ml with syringe on all approximal surfaces from distal of eyetooth to mesial of 2nd grinder. Results Prevented fraction in per centum in the different cavities risk countries and all countries together ( Table 3 ) 4 Areas Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 All countries 57 % 47 % 76 % Low hazard 20 % 68 % 50 % Medium hazard 66 % 31 % 83 % High hazard 69 % 54 % 82 % Notes Participants randomised ( n=854 ) All groups including control exposed to fluoride at one-year cheque up Figures and tabular arraies demoing consequences from Sk A ; ouml ; ld et al.4 Appendix 2 Autio-Gold 20015: Methods Randomised control test, individual blind to dentist. 19 % bead out rate after 9 months. Due to backdown of school programme, traveling from country, refusal to go on and six topics necessitating renewing intervention instantly after survey began. Overall 35 losingss. Participants 148 participants analysed at 9 months ( concluding scrutiny ) Average age at get downing: 3 to 5 old ages Exposure to other fluoride: H2O Year survey began: Not stated Location: Florida, USA Interventions Fluoride varnish Duraphat ( 22,600 ppm F- ) Varnish group: 2x over 9 months, one time at baseline and one time after 4 months Control group: No intercession In dental clinic, dried dentition with tight air and applied varnish with little coppice to all tooth surfaces. In school dentitions dried with unfertile cotton sponges and varnish applied to all tooth surfaces with coppice. Result Change in carious activity between varnish and control group Group No alteration ( i.e. still active ) Inactive lesions ( i.e. no longer active ) Varnish 8.2 % 81.2 % Control 36.9 % 37.8 % Notes Participants randomised ( n=183 ) Does non province whether or non varnish was applied to all surfaces during the 2nd visit in varnish group. Besides how much varnish applied in both visits. Figures and tabular arraies demoing consequences from Autio-Gold et al.5: Appendix 3 Weintraub 20066: Methods Randomised controlled dual blind test. 33 % bead out rate after 2 old ages. 51 discontinued from survey due to cavities. Participants 202 participants analysed at 2 old ages ( concluding scrutiny ) Average age at get downing: 1.8 old ages Exposure to other fluoride: H2O Year survey began: 2002 Location: San Francisco, USA Interventions Fluoride varnish Duraphat ( 22,600 ppm F- ) Group 1: F- varnish 4x over 2 old ages ( baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months ) Group 2: F- varnish 2x over 2 old ages ( baseline and 12 months ) Control group: Parental guidance All groups received parental guidance. 0.1ml applied per arch. Dried with gauze and varnish brushed onto all surfaces of all dentitions. For control group, teeth dried and gauze folded dry surface brushed onto dentitions and therefore health professionals unaware of groups. Results Cavities activity across the three groups: No cavities Cavities Group 1 67 3 Group 2 59 10 Control 48 15 Notes Participants randomised utilizing computing machine generated random assignment ( n=384 ) . 75 % kids intended to have two applications merely received one ; 15 % received two. 49 % kids intended to have four applications merely received two. One kid received four applications. For five hebdomads, 21 varnish applications could non be confirmed as active – assumed placebo. Figures and tabular arraies demoing consequences from Weintraub et al.6: How to cite Evidence For Prescribing Fluoride Varnishes Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Economics Germanies Economy

Question: Discuss about the Report for Economics of Germanies Economy. Answer: Introduction Germanys economy has shown commanding resilience in the face of global economic headwinds. Through the identification of the financial position of the country, German Government and Central Bank of the country have delivered on-time reforms to promote strong public funding and deficit-cutting effort controlling the public spending to a certain extent (Funke Niebuhr, 2015). The regulatory efficiency of the German government has created open-market policies to support the property rights of the investors (Blum Dennis, 2009). On the other hand, unique labour market reforms such as flexibility in the working hours and compact structural unemployment have contributed to the sustainability of the job market. The industrialised economy of Germany has been one of the strongest points of the countrys growth. Though the growth of the country has slowed, the policies of the government have managed to keep the unemployment rate down (Fuller Vossmeyer, 2014). Notably, due to economic and polit ical strengths, Germany has been one of the most influential countries in the European Union. Production output performance analysis In order to identify the production output performance of Germany, three of the economic indicators such as Real GDP data, Real GDP growth rate and Real GDP per capita data have been taken into consideration to deliver a clear evidence of the current economic status. According to the reports, the Real GDP in 2014 has been recorded as $3868.29 billion (2920 billion) and in 2015 the revised data came to $3355.77 billion (3023 billion). On the other side, the Real GDP growth rate of the country was recorded as 1.6% year on tear basis in 2014 whereas in 2015; the growth rate has been measured 1.7%. Another impressive statistics is the Real GDP per capita data ("Germany", 2016). In 2014, the data were recorded as $44755 whereas in 2015, the revised data showed the Real GDP per capita to be $45269. Through the understanding of the economic indicators, a detailed analysis of the economic performance has been produced in the underlying section. The gross domestic product has been the backbone of any countrys economic strengths. In figure 1, a graph chart has been shown to analyse the Real GDP of the country in the past decade. Notably, robust expansion of the economy has been seen in 2013 and 2014 as the domestic economy of the country has exceeded the external sectors. As a result of the same, the Real GDP in 2014 and 2013 has been recorded as the highest in the past decade. Due to the strong fixed investment growth, Europes largest economy has retained its past economic glory as sustainable growth can be identified in the private consumption sector (Moulton, 2009). Currently, the GDP value of the country has represented the 5.41% of the global economy ("Germany", 2016). As reported by the World Bank Group, in 2014 the German Economy has seen the Real GDP at all time high showing the revival of the economy. Figure: Real GDP data Source: ("Germany | Economic Indicators", 2016) The analysis of the German GDP growth rate can helpful to identify the acceleration of the economy matching the preliminary estimates. Driven by the robust investment opportunities amd household spending growth, the Gerpan economy has grown by 1.6% in 2014 and 1.7% in 2015. On year-on-year basis, the largest economy of Europe has been grown by 0.32 percent on an avarage since 1991. As shown in the figure 2, in the second quarter of 2010, the Real GDP growth was recorded as 2 percent which is the highest whereas the low point of the economy has been market in Q1 of 2009 (GDP Growth rate -4.5%) ("Germany Economic Outlook", 2016). Figure: Real GDP growth rate Source: ("Germany | Economic Indicators", 2016) The Gross Domestic Product per capita of the country is equivalent to 358 percent of the average of the global GDP per capita. Since 1970, Germanys GDP per capita has been recorded as $32801 on an average. According to the World Bank, the all time high of the GDP per capita data has been achieved during 2015 where the data has shown $45269 GDP per capita ("Germany Economic Outlook", 2016). Figure: Real GDP Per Capita Source: ("Germany | Economic Indicators", 2016) In order to identify the current performance trends of the economy, investment data, retail sales, industrial production, and import and export data of the economy can show the performance providing evidence. The Business Climate index of the economy has shown some uncertainty that is spurring uneasiness among the investors (Husain, 2007). The retail sales data in 2015 has presented a powerful message to the economy showing 3% growth in compare to 2013 and 2014. On the other side of the scenario, the industrial production has slipped down from 1.5% in 2014 to 0.5% in 2015 showing the contraction of the industry sector ("Germany", 2016). The deterioration of industrial production has been a worry for the market investors and operators. The current market moves and lack of industrial acceleration have softened the sentiment of the investors as the annual variation of investment data has dropped down from 3.5% in 2014 to 2.2% in 2015 ("Germany Economic Outlook", 2016). The export data h as been recorded the highest since 2011 to 5.4% whereas the import data is recorded as 5.8% in 2015 showing the economic activities in import and export. The economic policy and measures of the German government have been criticised to a certain extent. Though the GDP data is not high enough, the employment policy of the government has controlled the rate of unemployment to improve the job sector. In order to revive the industrial production, the government has positioned specified FDI policies to strengthen the position of the private sector (Blashfield, 2013). By promoting higher education, professional skill enhancement projects and competitiveness in the industrial sector, the government has shown the way to the future (Anttila, 2008). Modern science and technological assistance have been highly encouraged so that latest infrastructure can be delivered to the private and public sector for better productivity. Along with that, the Federal Budget has been considered to provide a sustainable economic performance encouraging industrial productivity at the highest point. Meanwhile, the economic policies of EU and current global market scenario have hindered the progress of the German economy to a certain extent (Maxim, Paulsell, Gramberg, 2015). Labour market analysis Analysing the last ten years unemployment rate figures of Germany, it can be seen that the government and business industry of the nation has worked hard to increase the employment rate in the country (Entorf, 2015). The overall unemployment rate has decreased from 10.57% in the year 2006 to 4.20 percent in the year 2016. A diagram has been presented below for better understanding. Figure: Unemployment rate (2006 to 2016) Source: ("Germany | Economic Indicators", 2016) Looking at the unemployment rate of Germany from the above figure, it can be seen that the unemployment rate increased in the year 2009 due to the global financial crisis that hit the entire world economy (Dietz Walwei, 2012). Now, considering the type of unemployment that exists in the German economy, it can be said that the primary type of unemployment is the frictional unemployment. Along with that, Cyclical as well as structural unemployment can be evident in the nation. Structural unemployment occurs due to lack of knowledge and skills among the new talents and emerging youngsters in the country. It can be seen that the rate of unemployment of young people aged between 18 to 25 years have increased up to 14 percent in the country. This is because, every multinational organisation asks for an experienced person with proper knowledge of the job. There are few jobs available for fresher (Jackson, Geiger, Vanderslice, Leitner, 2006). On the other hand, cyclical unemployment can be seen in the nation that occurs due to financial downturn in the economy. If we look at the GDP figure of 2009, a tragic fall can be seen in the real GDP of the country. Along with that, the financial status of the nation also impacted the labour market with rise in the unemployment rate. The primary type of unemployment that exists in the German economy is the frictional unemployment. It occurs due to voluntary retirement of one person from the job in search of a new job (Kog an, 2010). Hence, the time spent during the course of finding a new job is considered as frictional unemployment. It can be seen that the unemployment level in Germany has decreased in the last ten years due to several policies of the government. The government reforms increased flexibility in the labour market and the dwindling supply of skilled workers replaced the retiring individuals. The German government promoted international trade in the country to increase availability of jobs in the labour market. Furthermore, the government supported the need of education of the common people by assisting them to improve their skills and knowledge. Currently, it can be seen that the number of people employed in the healthcare sector have increased by 4.7 percent and trade sector by 2 percent. Hence, the government initiative to improve the labour market has worked well to support the needs of the general public (Flelder, 2015). The major point to be noted is that there is no economy with zero percent unemployment rates because of frictional unemployment. Hence, it is not possible for the German govern ment to reach the level of zero unemployment in the country. But, the new policies and government reforms have worked well in the last ten years to improve the economic condition of the labour market. Price level analysis The price level is used as an essential tool to analyse the economic position of a country. It helps to understand the economic growth of a country. The price level of a nation is denoted by the CPI rate which is also known as the inflation rate. The inflation rate of Germany has gradually decreased in the last ten years. Currently, it can be seen that the German economy is facing an inflation rate of 0.28 percent which has increased from the previous year 2014 by 0.09 percent. The German government has been always capable of controlling the demand and supply of products in the market that helped the system to stabilise the price level in the country. A figure has been presented below for better understanding. Figure: Inflation Rate Source: ("Germany | Economic Indicators", 2016) It can be seen from the above figure that the cost price index of Germany has fallen in the year 2009 due to the global financial crisis all across the world. Since 2009, Germany has seen a rise in the inflation rate that has again fallen in the year 2014 and 2015. The first fall in the inflation rate was due to the fall in the global economy. But, the second fall has occurred due to the control of the German government through its monetary and fiscal policies (Heywood Jirjahn, 2015). There are two causes of inflation that are explained herein below. Demand Pull Inflation Demand Pull Inflation occurs due to the increase in demand and fall in supply of products in the market. It can be seen that the global economic crisis has led to increase in the demand and shortfall of supply in the German market from 2010 to 2013. Hence, a rise in the inflation rate can be seen during these years (Caliendo, 2006). The inflation rate was around 2 percent during the year 2011 and 2012. A diagram has been presented below that shows the rise in price due to shift of demand from AD1 to AD2 and limited supply at LRAS. Figure: Demand Pull Inflation Source: (Caliendo, 2006) Cost Push Inflation Cost pull inflation occurs due to shortage of supply in the market that leads to increase in the price level of the products. There are different factors that lead to rise in the price level such as increase in the wages, price of raw materials, higher taxes, declining productivity and import prices. The cost push inflation is another major reason for the rise in inflation rate in the economy. The government of Germany has appropriately managed the supply of products in the market to control the inflation rate in the country. A diagram has been presented below showing cost pull inflation due to the shift of supply from SRAS 1 to SRAS 2 and the aggregate demand remains constant at AD1. Figure: Cost Push Inflation Source: (Caliendo, 2006) It can be seen that the government of Germany has worked effectively in monitoring and controlling the price level of the country. The fiscal and monetary policy of the implemented by the German government have created equality and maintained the interest and tax rate in the country to control inflation (Eichhorst Tobsch, 2015). Furthermore, German government promoted export and important of products to improve the economic position and increased its spending to control the price level in the country. Conclusion It can be seen from the above analysis that the German government has proved to take necessary economic reforms to improve the economic condition in the nation. A gradual increase can be seen in the real GDP and per capita GDP of the nation. Furthermore, the government has been capable of reducing the unemployment rate from above 10 percent to 4.2 percent in the current year. Finally, the monetary and fiscal policy of the German government has also worked well to maintain a low price level rise in the country. Hence, it can be seen that the government of Germany has effectively monitored and controlled the economic condition since last ten years. 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